Method for producing polyisocyanates of (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates which are flocculation-stable in solvents

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a new process for preparing polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups and being flocculation-stable in solvents from (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates.

The present invention relates to a new process for preparing polyisocyanates which are flocculation-stable in solvents from (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates.

Para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (H₃C(C₆H₄)SO₂—NCO) and triethyl orthoformate are literature examples of water scavengers which are used in polyisocyanates for stabilization. This stabilization encompasses among other things the prevention of flocculation of aliphatic polyisocyanates in diluted form in solvents as are used for coatings applications. Here it is assumed that water-scavenging compounds in competition with the polyisocyanate prevent isocyanate groups being hydrolyzed with water to form amines, and these amines from reacting with further polyisocyanate to form high-functionality (poly)urea polyisocyanates. The latter polyisocyanates have a poor solubility in polyisocyanates and their solutions, and flocs and precipitates may form.

Flocculation in the sense of this patent refers comprehensively to formation of solids in such a way as to be visible to the naked eye. It ranges from slight hazing, fine precipitates which eddy only as a result of rotating movement about the longitudinal axis of the storage vessel, to the formation of suspended flocs and severe precipitates.

A disadvantage of water scavengers is that they have to be added (at least) stoichiometrically to the amount of water which is present or is anticipated. In the case of para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate, this corresponds to 12 times the amount by weight of water, and in the case of triethyl orthoformate to 9 times the amount. In the case of para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate, manufacturers in fact recommend twice the equivalent amount relative to water, respective amounts of para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate of 0.5-4.0% and 1-3% of triethyl orthoformate, based on the total weight of the formulation. Where such amounts are used, they have the effect, as a result of the dilution factor alone, of reducing the NCO groups accordingly, and this is deleterious for the coatings properties.

Para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate is a highly reactive monofunctional isocyanate which reacts preferentially with water in place of the polyisocyanate that is to be protected. This reaction forms inert sulfonamide and, as in the case of the reaction of the polyisocyanate itself, carbon dioxide, possibly with a build-up of pressure in the storage vessel.

DE 124,590 describes the application of sulfonyl isocyanates as water-binding components in polyurethane prepolymers. EP 86871 describes disadvantages of these compounds, since the pronounced crystallization tendency of the tosylamide formed by reaction with water leads to bittiness in the coating material. Moreover, the tosyl isocyanate is so highly reactive that it reacts extremely vigorously with water.

JP 2001/081,400 describes moisture-curing urethane resin coating compositions comprising a urethane prepolymer having two or more isocyanate groups in one molecule, e.g., from the aromatic diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polypropylene glycol, blocked amines, two kinds of water scavenger, and a defoamer. Water scavengers are, for example, a combination of para-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate and triethyl orthoformate. Background is a storage stability for avoiding premature hydrolysis of the blocked amine and curing of the latent reaction mixture.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,577 discloses a method for scavenging moisture in polyisocyanate formulations by admixing the polyisocyanate formulation with water scavengers comprising a) di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene selected from the group of 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and 2-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and b) alkyl esters of toluenesulfonic acid with an at least 90% fraction of para-alkyl esters, optionally in at least one solvent. Stated by way of example is a package of moisture scavengers consisting of 0.19% bis(tert-butyl)hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 1.0% methyl para-toluenesulfonate, optionally in combination with other moisture scavengers, relative to a polyisocyanate containing isocyanurate groups and based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, as a 40% strength solution in n-butyl acetate. Corresponding mixtures are stable on storage for 11 weeks without hazing or yellowing. A disadvantage of the method is that the amounts of moisture scavengers are very high, meaning that the NCO value of the polyisocyanate is reduced by 1% by dilution by the moisture scavenger package. Moreover, only the methyl and ethyl esters of para-toluenesulfonic acid are readily available commercially. Moreover, the solubility of methyl para-toluenesulfonate is poor. At room temperature, for example, it does dissolve 1% in butyl acetate, but not in 10% strength form.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,635 discloses imino alcohols and oxazolidines as water and formaldehyde scavengers with diverse advantages, hence as corrosion inhibitors, reactive diluents, rheology modifiers, and against foaming. Suitability as antiflocculant for the storage of polyisocyanates in solvents is not described. An apparent disadvantage for application in the sense of the invention is that as water scavengers such compounds must be added stoichiometrically, and they have consequences for the properties of the polyisocyanates in coating formulations, leading to differences in behavior of stabilized and unstabilized polyisocyanates in coating formulations and therefore to problems in application. Likewise a disadvantage is that, depending on the storage conditions, amine-containing compounds such as imino alcohols and oxazolidines tend toward yellowing and have an effect on the reactivity of the coating system, by shortening the working life, for example. Oxazolidines react with water in ring-opening reactions to form difunctional isocyanate-reactive amino alcohols. These alcohols oligomerize with polyisocyanate. This may result in an increase in viscosity during storage.

EP 86,971 describes the use of isocyanatosilanes for improving the shelf life of polyisocyanates in relation to viscosity. There is no reference to stabilization of polyisocyanate (solutions) with respect to flocculation. Isocyanatosilanes are available commercially only on a very limited basis.

US 2008/0257214 describes the use of certain trimethylsilyl-containing compounds such as bistrimethylsilylacetamide or hexamethyldisilazane as water scavengers for preventing instances of hazing and formation of carbon dioxide by polyisocyanates in solvents. As with the majority of drying agents, these compounds have to be added at least stoichiometrically. The cleavage products formed consume NCO groups.

EP 203,874 discloses trialkyl-chloro-tin compounds for stabilizing polyisocyanates in organic solvents against floc. Triorgano-tin compounds are highly toxic.

WO 08/116607 describes two-component coating systems comprising as components

-   a) one or more polyisocyanates, -   b) one or more oligomeric and/or polymeric compounds which are     reactive with component (a), and -   c) one or more phosphonates selected from the group of the     phosphonic diesters and diphosphonic diesters,     where -   i) component (b) comprises all of the oligomeric and/or polymeric     compounds which are reactive with component (a) in the two-component     coating system, and -   ii) component (b) comprises not more than 15% by weight, based on     the total weight of component (b), of oligomeric and/or polymeric     compounds comprising isocyanate-reactive amino groups.

The system has the advantage that it ensures a good potlife and at the same time a good appearance and sufficient hardness.

In the examples of the patent application, components (b), (c), solvents, and additives are mixed directly prior to application. There is no reference to any antiflocculation effect of the components (c).

DE 19,908,793 describes a process for preparing an active isocyanate in the presence of a dialkylphosphonic acid (equally dialkylphosphonic esters) where particularly during the preparation there is no solidification or hazing, and a storage-stable active isocyanate is obtained. According to the inventive examples and page 2, line 57, the active isocyanate comprises aromatic carbodiimides and uretonimines. These are stored without solvent following their preparation.

There is no reference to any stabilizing effect on polyisocyanates other than carbodiimides and uretonimines, and especially not to any antiflocculation effect.

WO 2008/116895 claims polyisocyanate compositions comprising (a) polyisocyanate, (b) urethanization catalyst, (c) phosphonate, and optionally (d) sterically hindered phenol, (e) solvents, (f) acidic stabilizers, (g) further, typical coatings additives. In the presence of a urethanization catalyst, these polyisocyanate compositions are color-stable on storage. The patent application contains no reference to flocculation stability of polyisocyanates in high dilution in solvents, particularly not in the absence of Lewis acids.

EP 341,516 discloses polyisocyanates comprising (optionally methyl-substituted) 2- and 3-chloropropionic acid. Polyisocyanates described are polyester urethanes formed from hydroxypolyesters and the aromatic tolylene diisocyanate. The acids have a stabilizing effect in relation to discoloration during storage (in ethyl acetate solvent) and also in relation to the reactivity of the polyester urethanes toward ketimines after storage. Use in aliphatic polyisocyanates is not described. Storage stability in relation to flocculation in moisture-comprising solvents is not described.

EP 643,042 B1 discloses the stabilization of monomeric isocyanates (diisocyanates), prepared by a phosgene-free process, through use of primary antioxidants, secondary antioxidants or acids, or of combinations of primary antioxidants with acids, optionally in the presence of secondary antioxidants, in relation to reactivity and color in the trimerization of monomeric HDI. Acidic stabilizers specified are monocarboxylic acids, organic polycarboxylic acids, inorganic acids, diesters of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid, carbonyl chlorides, and inorganic acid chlorides. This stabilization relates to monomeric isocyanates prior to their oligomerization. The oligomerization takes place at high temperature and concludes with a distillation at around 150-160° C. It is known (from EP 1238992, for example) that monocarboxylic acids, for example, react with isocyanates at a relatively high temperature, and are therefore no longer present in active form in the polyisocyanates after distillation at 150° C.

Storage stability in relation to flocculation of polyisocyanates in moisture-comprising solvents is not described.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,333 describes a triple combination of diarylamine, sterically hindered phenol and a pentaerythritol diphosphite, especially for stabilizing polyether polyols against discoloration, especially at relatively high temperatures, in the production of polyurethane foams. Column 1 refers to an increased stability toward hydrolysis particularly in the case of the polyethers as compared with use of simple phosphites instead of diphosphites.

A disadvantage of the above-described antiflocculants for polyisocyanates in solvents is that they are almost all water scavengers and, accordingly, must be used at least stoichiometrically, since they are in competition with a massive excess of isocyanate groups. This not only is uneconomic but also gives rise to side effects such as the reduction in the NCO values of the mixtures. Furthermore, on hydrolysis of the water scavengers, cleavage products are formed, which often consume isocyanate groups and lead to derivative products which may adversely affect the coatings properties. It is therefore an objective of this patent application to find additives which in substoichiometric amounts exhibit an antiflocculating effect.

WO 2013060809 describes the use of additives selected from the group consisting of

a1) organic acids having a pKa of below 4.2, selected from the group consisting of ala) aromatic sulfonic acids and a1b) singularly or doubly alkoxy-, mercapto- or alkylmercapto-substituted alkanecarboxylic acids having two carbon atoms, singularly or doubly halogen-, alkoxy-, mercapto- or alkylmercapto-substituted alkanecarboxylic acids, alkenedicarboxylic acids or alkanedicarboxylic acids having at least three carbon atoms, a2) phosphites of the formula

where R is preferably an aryl group which is substituted in positions 2, 4 and 6 as follows: Position 2: tert-butyl, tert-amyl, Position 4: hydrogen, alkyl, tert-butyl or tert-amyl, and Position 6: hydrogen, alkyl, tert-butyl or tert-amyl, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents in positions 4 and 6 is not hydrogen, a3) phosphonites of the formula (RO)₂P—X—P(RO)₂ where R is preferably an aryl group which is substituted in positions 2, 4 and 6 as follows: Position 2: tert-butyl, tert-amyl, Position 4: hydrogen, alkyl, tert-butyl or tert-amyl, and Position 6: hydrogen, alkyl, tert-butyl or tert-amyl, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents in positions 4 and 6 is not hydrogen, and X in this case is an arylene group, a4) acidic phosphorus derivatives selected from the group consisting of a4a) mono- and di-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphates, a4b) mono- and di-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphonates, a4c) mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinates, and a4d) alkyl derivatives of phosphorus-containing diacids, a5) blocked aromatic sulfonic acids for reducing flocculation and/or precipitation in polyisocyanate mixtures which comprise at least one solvent.

A disadvantage is that the flocculation stability of these mixtures on storage is still not sufficient, and hence there continues to be a need for improved stabilization.

It was an object of the present invention to provide a method with which polyisocyanates during storage in solvents on exposure to (atmospheric) moisture exhibit a higher flocculation stability in storage.

One specific problem arises, for example, for refinish applications (automotive refinish), where long storage times of the products in small containers are a given. Manufacturers of the polyisocyanate component in solvent provide their customers with guarantees of the retention of the product properties for, for example, six months. Storage at the premises of the manufacturer, storage in the course of global transport, or storage of excess by the customer prolong these periods. As a result of low-volume containers and/or repeated opening of these containers, ambient moisture comes into contact with the polyisocyanate component. The solvents used likewise comprise traces of moisture. Storage effects are exacerbated, particularly in countries in Southeast Asia, by high atmospheric humidity and high storage temperatures. The same problems can be assumed generally in all applications involving prolonged storage times, particularly in relatively small containers, as for example in many industrial applications.

The object has been achieved through the use of additives for reducing flocculation and/or precipitation in polyisocyanate mixtures which comprise at least one solvent, where the additives are selected from the group of salts (A) consisting of

-   -   (A1) at least one phosphorus-containing acidic compound selected         from the group consisting of         -   (A1a) mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphates,         -   (A1b) mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonates,         -   (A1c) mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinates, and         -   (A1d) alkyl derivatives of other phosphorus-containing             diacids,     -   and     -   (A2) at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine.

Polyisocyanates for the purposes of the invention are polyisocyanates in their as-synthesized form, and mixtures of these polyisocyanates.

They include the compounds described in more detail below.

The monomeric isocyanates used for preparing the polyisocyanates may be aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, preferably aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, as referred to in abbreviated form in this specification as (cyclo)aliphatic; aliphatic isocyanates are particularly preferred.

Aromatic isocyanates are those which comprise at least one aromatic ring system, thus including both purely aromatic and also araliphatic compounds.

Cycloaliphatic isocyanates are those which comprise at least one cycloaliphatic ring system.

Aliphatic isocyanates are those which comprise exclusively linear or branched chains, i.e., acyclic compounds.

The monomeric isocyanates are preferably diisocyanates, which carry precisely two isocyanate groups. They can, however, in principle also be monoisocyanates, having one isocyanate group.

In principle, higher isocyanates having on average more than 2 isocyanate groups are also contemplated. Suitability therefor is possessed for example by triisocyanates such as triisocyanatononane, 2′-isocyanatoethyl (2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate), 2,4,6-triisocyanato-toluene, triphenylmethane triisocyanate or 2,4,4′-triisocyanatodiphenyl ether, or the mixtures of diisocyanates, triisocyanates, and higher polyisocyanates that are obtained, for example, by phosgenation of corresponding aniline/formaldehyde condensates and represent methylene-bridged polyphenyl polyisocyanates, more particularly triisocyanatononane and 2′-isocyanatoethyl-(2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate).

The monomeric isocyanates are preferably isocyanates having 4 to 20 C atoms. Examples of typical diisocyanates are aliphatic diisocyanates such as tetramethylene diisocyanate, pentamethylene 1,5-diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate (1,6-diisocyanatohexane), octamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, dodecamethylene diisocyanate, tetradecamethylene diisocyanate, derivatives of lysine diisocyanate, (e.g., methyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate or ethyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate) trimethylhexane diisocyanate or tetramethylhexane diisocyanate, cycloaliphatic diisocyanates such as 1,4-, 1,3- or 1,2-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 4,4′- or 2,4′-di(isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane, I-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 1,3- or 1,4-bis-(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane or 2,4-, or 2,6-diisocyanato-1-methylcyclohexane, and also 3 (or 4), 8 (or 9)-bis(isocyanatomethyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2,6)]decane isomer mixtures, and also aromatic diisocyanates such as tolylene 2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate and the isomer mixtures thereof, m- or p-xylylene diisocyanate, 2,4′- or 4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane and the isomer mixtures thereof, phenylene 1,3- or 1,4-diisocyanate, 1-chlorophenylene 2,4-diiso-cyanate, naphthylene 1,5-diisocyanate, diphenylene 4,4′-diisocyanate, 4,4′-diisocyanato-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl, 3-methyldiphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate, tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, 1,4-diisocyanatobenzene or diphenyl ether 4,4′-diisocyanate.

Particular preference is given to hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane, isophorone diisocyanate, and 4,4′- or 2,4′-di(isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane, very particular preference to isophorone diisocyanate and hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate, and special preference to hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate.

Mixtures of said isocyanates may also be present.

Isophorone diisocyanate is usually in the form of a mixture, specifically a mixture of the cis and trans isomers, generally in a proportion of about 60:40 to 90:10 (w/w), preferably in a proportion of 70:30 to 90:10.

Dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate may likewise be in the form of a mixture of the different cis and trans isomers.

For the present invention it is possible to use not only those diisocyanates obtained by phosgenating the corresponding amines but also those prepared without the use of phosgene, i.e., by phosgene-free processes. According to EP-A-0 126 299 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,678), EP-A-126 300 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,679), and EP-A-355 443 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,739), for example, (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates, such as hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate (HDI), isomeric aliphatic diisocyanates having 6 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical, 4,4′- or 2,4′-di(isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane, and 1-isocyanato-3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate or IPDI) can be prepared by reacting the (cyclo)aliphatic diamines with, for example, urea and alcohols to give (cyclo)aliphatic biscarbamic esters and subjecting said esters to thermal cleavage into the corresponding diisocyanates and alcohols. The synthesis takes place usually continuously in a circulation process and in the presence, optionally, of N-unsubstituted carbamic esters, dialkyl carbonates, and other by-products recycled from the reaction process. Diisocyanates obtained in this way generally contain a very low or even unmeasurable fraction of chlorinated compounds, which is advantageous, for example, in applications in the electronics industry.

In one embodiment of the present invention the isocyanates used have a hydrolyzable chlorine content of less than 100 ppm by weight, preferably of less than 50 ppm by weight, more preferably less than 30 ppm, especially less than 20 ppm by weight. This can be measured by means, for example, of ASTM specification D4663-98. The amounts of total chlorine are for example below 1000 ppm by weight, preferably below 800 ppm by weight, and more preferably below 500 ppm by weight (determined by argentometric titration after hydrolysis).

It will be appreciated that it is also possible to employ mixtures of those monomeric isocyanates which have been obtained by reacting the (cyclo)aliphatic diamines with, for example, urea and alcohols and cleaving the resulting (cyclo)aliphatic biscarbamic esters, with those diisocyanates which have been obtained by phosgenating the corresponding amines.

The polyisocyanates which can be formed by oligomerizing the monomeric isocyanates are generally characterized as follows: The average NCO functionality of such compounds is in general at least 1.8 and can be up to 8, preferably 2 to 5, and more preferably 2.4 to 4.

The isocyanate group content after oligomerization, calculated as NCO=42 g/mol, is generally from 5% to 25% by weight unless otherwise specified.

The polyisocyanates are preferably compounds as follows:

-   1) Polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups and derived from     aromatic, aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic diisocyanates. Particular     preference is given in this context to the corresponding aliphatic     and/or cycloaliphatic isocyanatoisocyanurates and in particular to     those based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone     diisocyanate. The isocyanurates present are, in particular,     trisisocyanatoalkyl and/or trisisocyanatocycloalkyl isocyanurates,     which constitute cyclic trimers of the diisocyanates, or are     mixtures with their higher homologs containing more than one     isocyanurate ring. The isocyanatoisocyanurates generally have an NCO     content of 10% to 30% by weight, in particular 15% to 25% by weight,     and an average NCO functionality of 2.6 to 8.     -   The polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups may to a more         minor extent also comprise urethane groups and/or allophanate         groups, preferably with a bound alcohol content of less than 2%         based on the polyisocyanate. -   2) Polyisocyanates containing uretdione groups and having     aromatically, aliphatically and/or cycloaliphatically attached     isocyanate groups, preferably aliphatically and/or     cycloaliphatically attached, and in particular those derived from     hexamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate. Uretdione     diisocyanates are cyclic dimerization products of diisocyanates.     -   The polyisocyanates containing uretdione groups are frequently         obtained as a mixture with other polyisocyanates, more         particularly those specified under 1). Polyisocyanates         containing uretdione groups typically have functionalities of 2         to 3. This also includes uretdione/isocyanurate mixtures of any         desired composition, more particularly having a monomeric         uretdione (dimer) content of 1-40%, in particular 3-15, more         particularly 5-10%.     -   For this purpose the diisocyanates can be reacted under reaction         conditions under which not only uretdione groups but also the         other polyisocyanates are formed, or the uretdione groups are         formed first of all and are subsequently reacted to give the         other polyisocyanates, or the diisocyanates are first reacted to         give the other polyisocyanates, which are subsequently reacted         to give products containing uretdione groups. -   3) Polyisocyanates containing biuret groups and having aromatically,     cycloaliphatically or aliphatically attached, preferably     cycloaliphatically or aliphatically attached, isocyanate groups,     especially tris(6-isocyanatohexyl)biuret or its mixtures with its     higher homologs. These polyisocyanates containing biuret groups     generally have an NCO content of 18% to 24% by weight and an average     NCO functionality of 2.8 to 6. -   4) Polyisocyanates containing urethane and/or allophanate groups and     having aromatically, aliphatically or cycloaliphatically attached,     preferably aliphatically or cycloaliphatically attached, isocyanate     groups, such as may be obtained, for example, by reacting excess     amounts of diisocyanate, such as of hexamethylene diisocyanate or of     isophorone diisocyanate, with mono- or polyhydric alcohols. These     polyisocyanates containing urethane and/or allophanate groups     generally have an NCO content of 12% to 24% by weight and an average     NCO functionality of 2.0 to 4.5. Polyisocyanates of this kind     containing urethane and/or allophanate groups may be prepared     without catalyst or, preferably, in the presence of catalysts, such     as ammonium carboxylates or ammonium hydroxides, for example, or     allophanatization catalysts, such as bismuth, cobalt, cesium, Zn(II)     or Zr(IV) compounds, for example, in each case in the presence of     monohydric, dihydric or polyhydric, preferably monohydric, alcohols.     -   These polyisocyanates containing urethane groups and/or         allophanate groups frequently occur in mixed forms with the         polyisocyanates identified under 1). -   5) Polyisocyanates comprising oxadiazinetrione groups, derived     preferably from hexamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone     diisocyanate. Polyisocyanates of this kind comprising     oxadiazinetrione groups are accessible from diisocyanate and carbon     dioxide. -   6) Polyisocyanates comprising iminooxadiazinedione groups, derived     preferably from hexamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone     diisocyanate. Polyisocyanates of this kind comprising     iminooxadiazinedione groups are preparable from diisocyanates by     means of specific catalysts. -   7) Hyperbranched polyisocyanates, of the kind known for example from     DE-A1 10013186 or DE-A1 10013187. -   8) Polyurethane-polyisocyanate prepolymers, from di- and/or     polyisocyanates with alcohols. -   9) Polyurea-polyisocyanate prepolymers. -   10) The polyisocyanates 1)-9), preferably 1), 3), 4), and 6), can be     converted, following their preparation, into polyisocyanates     containing biuret groups or urethane/allophanate groups and having     aromatically, cycloaliphatically or aliphatically attached,     preferably (cyclo)aliphatically attached, isocyanate groups. The     formation of biuret groups, for example, is accomplished by addition     of water or by reaction with amines. The formation of urethane     and/or allophanate groups is accomplished by reaction with     monohydric, dihydric or polyhydric, preferably monohydric, alcohols,     in the presence if desired of suitable catalysts. These     polyisocyanates containing biuret or urethane/allophanate groups     generally have an NCO content of 10% to 25% by weight and an average     NCO functionality of 3 to 8. -   11) Hydrophilically modified polyisocyanates, i.e., polyisocyanates     which as well as the groups described under 1-10 also comprise     groups which result formally from addition of molecules containing     NCO-reactive groups and hydrophilizing groups to the isocyanate     groups of the above molecules. The latter groups are nonionic groups     such as alkylpolyethylene oxide and/or ionic groups derived from     phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid,     and/or their salts. -   12) Modified polyisocyanates for dual cure applications, i.e.,     polyisocyanates which as well as the groups described under 1-11     also comprise groups resulting formally from addition of molecules     containing NCO-reactive groups and UV-crosslinkable or     actinic-radiation-crosslinkable groups to the isocyanate groups of     the above molecules. These molecules are, for example, hydroxyalkyl     (meth)acrylates and other hydroxyvinyl compounds.

The diisocyanates or polyisocyanates recited above may also be present at least partly in blocked form.

Classes of compounds used for blocking are described in D. A. Wicks, Z. W. Wicks, Progress in Organic Coatings, 36, 148-172 (1999), 41, 1-83 (2001) and also 43, 131-140 (2001).

Examples of classes of compounds used for blocking are phenols, imidazoles, triazoles, pyrazoles, oximes, N-hydroxyimides, hydroxybenzoic esters, secondary amines, lactams, CH-acidic cyclic ketones, malonic esters or alkyl acetoacetates.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention the polyisocyanate is selected from the group consisting of isocyanurates, biurets, urethanes, and allophanates, preferably from the group consisting of isocyanurates, urethanes, and allophanates; more preferably it is a polyisocyanate containing isocyanurate groups.

In one particularly preferred embodiment the polyisocyanate encompasses polyisocyanates comprising isocyanurate groups and obtained from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.

In one further preferred embodiment the polyisocyanate encompasses a mixture of polyisocyanates comprising isocyanurate groups and obtained very preferably from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and from isophorone diisocyanate.

In one particularly preferred embodiment the polyisocyanate is a mixture comprising low-viscosity polyisocyanates, preferably polyisocyanates comprising isocyanurate groups, having a viscosity of 600-1500 mPa*s, more particularly below 1200 mPa*s, low-viscosity allophanates and/or urethanes having a viscosity of 200-1600 mPa*s, more particularly 600-1500 mPa*s, and/or polyisocyanates comprising iminooxadiazinedione groups.

In this specification, unless noted otherwise, the viscosity is reported at 23° C. in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3219/A.3 in a cone/plate system with a shear rate of 1000 s⁻¹.

The process for preparing the polyisocyanates may take place as described in WO 2008/68198, particularly from page 20, line 21 to page 27, line 15 therein, as is hereby made part of the present specification by reference.

The reaction may be terminated, for example, as described therein from page 31, page 19 to page 31, line 31, and the product may be worked up as described therein from page 31, line 33 to page 32, line 40, as is hereby made part of the present specification in each case by reference.

The reaction may alternatively take place as described in WO 2005/087828 for ammonium alpha-hydroxycarboxylate catalysts. The ammonium α-hydroxycarboxylates described in WO 2005/87828 at page 3 line 29 to page 6 line 7 are hereby expressly part of the present disclosure content. The reaction may be terminated, for example, as described therein from page 11, line 12 to page 12, line 5, as is hereby made part of the present specification by reference.

The reaction may alternatively take place as described in CN 10178994A or CN 101805304.

In the case of thermally unstable catalysts it is also possible, moreover, to terminate the reaction by heating the reaction mixture to a temperature above at least 80° C., preferably at least 100° C., more preferably at least 120° C. In general the heating of the reaction mixture as required to remove the unreacted isocyanate by distillation in the work-up procedure is sufficient for this purpose.

Both for thermally stable and thermally unstable catalysts, the possibility exists of terminating the reaction at relatively low temperatures by adding deactivators. Deactivators may also be added in a stoichiometric deficit to the catalyst, if the catalyst is at least partially destroyed thermally or the product is stable in terms of its viscosity on subsequent storage (e.g., when stored in the 100% form over 10 weeks at 80° C. under nitrogen, undergoing not more than a three fold increase in its viscosity). Examples of suitable deactivators include hydrogen chloride, phosphoric acid, organic phosphates, such as dibutyl phosphate or diethylhexyl phosphate, and carbamates such as hydroxyalkyl carbamate.

These compounds are added neat or diluted in suitable concentration needed for termination of reaction.

Additives with inventive antiflocculating effect are:

salts (A) consisting of

-   -   (A1) at least one phosphorus-containing acidic compound selected         from the group consisting of         -   (A1a) mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphates,         -   (A1b) mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonates,         -   (A1c) mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinates, and         -   (A1d) alkyl derivatives of other phosphorus-containing             diacids,     -   and     -   (A2) at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine.

Compounds (A1a) are mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈-alkyl phosphates and mixtures thereof, preferably the dialkyl phosphates, more preferably those with C₁ to C₈ alkyl groups, more particularly those with C₄ to C₈ alkyl groups.

Examples of C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-decyl, 2-propylheptyl, n-dodecyl, tridedecyl, isotridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, and iso-octadecyl.

The phosphoric acid derivatives preferably have no substituents other than alkyl substituents, and more particularly have no polar substituents, especially no groups with heteroatoms such as ethers or tertiary amines and/or their oligomers and polymers. Heteroatoms are understood by the skilled person to be all atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Heteroatoms are, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, bromine, and chlorine.

Preferred compounds (A1a) are

-   -   di(ethylhexyl) phosphate     -   di-n-butyl phosphate     -   diethyl phosphate     -   mono(ethylhexyl) phosphate     -   mono-n-butyl phosphate     -   monoethyl phosphate     -   mixtures of mono/di(ethylhexyl) phosphate     -   mixtures of mono/di-n-butyl phosphate     -   Nacure® 4000 (formerly Nacure® C 207), an unspecified alkyl         phosphoric ester, from King Industries     -   Nacure® 4054, an unspecified alkyl phosphoric ester, from King         Industries     -   Cycat® 296-9, an unspecified alkyl phosphoric ester, from Cytec

The alkyl groups in dialkyl phosphates here may be alike or different, and are preferably alike.

Compounds (A1b) are mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonates. Examples are dialkyl phosphonates and dialkyl diphosphonates.

The alkyl groups in dialkyl phosphonates here may be alike or different, and are preferably alike.

Examples of C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-decyl, 2-propylheptyl, n-dodecyl, tridedecyl, isotridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, and iso-octadecyl.

Examples of the mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphates (A1b) and mixtures thereof are, in particular, those having C₁ to C₈ alkyl groups, particularly those having C₁, C₂, C₄ or C₈ alkyl groups, preferably those having C₄ or C₈ alkyl groups, especially preferably those having C₈ alkyl groups, including di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate and especially di-n-octyl phosphonate (Irgafos® OPH, BASF SE).

Mono C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphinates (A1c) are for example mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinates, more preferably those with C₁ to C₈ alkyl groups, very preferably with C₂ to C₈ alkyl groups, and more particularly those with C₄ to C₈ alkyl groups.

Further examples thereof are mono-C₆ to C₁₂ aryl phosphinates, more preferably those with C₆ aryl groups.

The alkyl groups in dialkyl phosphinates here may be alike or different, and are preferably alike.

Examples of C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and 2-propylheptyl.

On their central phosphorus atom, the phosphinates may carry a substituent, which may be an alkyl or aryl radical and which may optionally be joined to the oxygen atom, thus forming an ester group.

Examples thereof are phosphaphenanthrene derivatives such as

-   -   Sanko® HCA=“DOPO”=9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene         10-oxide (CAS 35948-25-5; see figure below), and derivatives of         this structure

and its derivatives.

Alkyl derivatives of other phosphorus-containing diacids (A1d) comprise compounds of the type H₄P₂O_(n), of hypodisphosphonic acid, diphosphonic acid, hypodiphosphoric acid, and diphosphoric acid, with at least one OH- or PH-acidic group.

The open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2) are preferably (cyclo)aliphatic amines of the general formula

NR₁R₂R₃,

in which R1, R2, R3 independently of one another may each be alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkyl ether, preferably alkyl or cycloalkyl. Alkyl is preferably C1 to C18, more preferably C2 to C13. Alkyl is linear or branched. Branched alkyl groups are, for example, isoalkyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isopropylheptyl. Cycloalkyl is preferably a derivative of the cyclohexyl group, preferably cyclohexyl. The alkyl groups may be identical or different, the latter for example in N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, dimethylethylamine, dimethylpropylamine, dimethylisopropylamine.

The open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2) in the sense of this invention possess no amine group in a cyclic system.

The open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2) may comprise further functional groups such as alcohol or ether groups, but not preferably.

Preferred open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2) are triethylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexyl-amine, and N,N-dimethylethanolamine.

The open-chain trisubstituted amines (B2) may also be diamines such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine and N,N-diethyl-N′,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, or triamines, e.g. N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. With particular preference the open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2) possess precisely one amine group.

Trifunctional (cyclo)aliphatic amines having at least one amine group in at least one cyclic system, such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane or diazabicycloundecane, of the kind used preferably as catalysts for the urethane-forming reaction, are not open-chain amines in the sense of the invention, but may be present independently thereof in their function as catalyst.

Also not open-chain trisubstituted amines in the sense of this invention are sterically hindered cyclic amines (often also referred to as HALS or HAS compounds; Hindered Amine (Light) Stabilizers) such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpiperidine and/or derivatives thereof, such as, for example, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (Tinuvin® 770) (disubstituted amine)

or mixtures of bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and 1-methyl 8-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (Tinuvin® 292).

These are available for example as Tinuvin® and Chimassorb® brands from BASF SE and independently of this invention may be used in another function as light stabilizers.

The pKa of the first acid corresponding to the open-chain trisubstituted amines (A2), in aqueous solution, is preferably between 5 and 14 (25° C.), more preferably between 8.5 and 12, very preferably between 9.5 and 11.0.

pKa values of the corresponding acids in aqueous solution: tridecanamine: 10.6 (25° C.) triethylamine: 11.0 (25° C.) trimethylamine: 9.8 (25° C.) benzyldimethylamine 8.9 (20° C.) dimethylcyclohexylamine 10.0 (20° C.)

Salts (A) are, for example, the combinations of triethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine or dimethylethanolamine as component (A2) with dibutyl phosphate, diethylhexyl phosphate, butyl phosphate (CAS 12788-93-1) with variable proportions of butanol to phosphoric acid; Hordaphos® MOB, Hordaphos® MDB, mixtures of mono/dibutyl phosphate (Rhodafac® PA 80), or isotridecyl phosphate (Crafol® AP24) as component (A1), or directly as salts such as hexadecylphosphocholine derivatives, Nacure® 4167 or Nacure® 4575.

Such salts (A) may be prepared for example in analogy to DE 3328661 (e.g., in analogy to example 1) as pure substances.

The two salt components (A1) and (A2), in a further preferred form of addition, may be dissolved in the aprotic solvents specified below, typical for polyisocyanates, by addition of the individual components, and then added to the polyisocyanates, especially if the salts are solid. The two salt components (A1) and (A2) may alternatively also be added in minimal amounts of alcohol or mixtures thereof, preferably C2 to C8 alcohols, more preferably C3 and C4 alcohols or 2-ethylhexanol.

The solubility of the salts (A) in the apolar polyisocyanates is limited; for example, 400 ppm by weight of Nacure 4167 (about 35-40%, corresponding approximately to ˜150 ppm by weight of salt A-B) are no longer completely soluble in pure isocyanurate.

The salts (A) are used preferably in amounts, based on the polyisocyanate, of 10 to 300, more preferably 15 to 150, very preferably 20 to 100 ppm by weight.

The phosphorus-containing acid compound (A1) and the open-chain trisubstituted amine (A2) are used preferably in a molar ratio of 1.2:0.8 to 0.5:1.5, more preferably of 1:1 to 0.8:1.2, very preferably stoichiometrically.

Solvents which can be used for the polyisocyanate component, and also for the binder components and any further components, are those which do not have any groups reactive toward isocyanate groups or toward blocked isocyanate groups, and in which the polyisocyanates are soluble to an extent of at least 10%, preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, very preferably at least 75%, more particularly at least 90%, and especially at least 95% by weight.

Examples of solvents of this kind are aromatic hydrocarbons (including alkylated benzenes and naphthalenes) and/or (cyclo)aliphatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, alkoxylated alkyl alkanoates, ethers, and mixtures of the solvents.

Preferred aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are those which comprise predominantly aromatic C₇ to C₁₄ hydrocarbons and may encompass a boiling range from 110 to 300° C.; particular preference is given to toluene, o-, m- or p-xylene, trimethylbenzene isomers, tetramethylbenzene isomers, ethylbenzene, cumene, tetrahydronaphthalene; and mixtures comprising them.

Examples thereof are the Solvesso® products from ExxonMobil Chemical, especially Solvesso®) 100 (CAS No. 64742-95-6, predominantly C₉ and C₁₀ aromatics, boiling range about 154-178° C.), 150 (boiling range about 182-207° C.), and 200 (CAS No. 64742-94-5), and also the Shellsol® products from Shell, Caromax® (e.g., Caromax® 18) from Petrochem Carless and Hydrosol from DHC (e.g., as Hydrosol® A 170). Hydrocarbon mixtures comprising paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics are also available commercially under the names Kristalloel (for example, Kristalloel 30, boiling range about 158-198° C. or Kristalloel 60: CAS No. 64742-82-1), white spirit (for example likewise CAS No. 64742-82-1) or solvent naphtha (light: boiling range about 155-180° C., heavy: boiling range about 225-300° C.). The aromatics content of such hydrocarbon mixtures is generally more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, more preferably more than 98%, and very preferably more than 99% by weight. It may be useful to use hydrocarbon mixtures having a particularly reduced naphthalene content.

Examples of (cyclo)aliphatic hydrocarbons include decalin, alkylated decalin, and isomer mixtures of linear or branched alkanes and/or cycloalkanes.

The amount of aliphatic hydrocarbons is generally less than 5%, preferably less than 2.5%, and more preferably less than 1% by weight.

Esters are, for example, n-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 1-methoxyprop-2-yl acetate, and 2-methoxyethyl acetate.

Ethers are, for example, THF, dioxane, and also the dimethyl, diethyl or di-n-butyl ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol or tripropylene glycol.

Ketones are, for example, acetone, diethyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, and tert-butyl methyl ketone.

Preferred solvents are n-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 1-methoxyprop-2-yl acetate, 2-methoxyethyl acetate, and mixtures thereof, especially with the aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures recited above, more particularly xylene and Solvesso® 100.

Mixtures of this kind can be made in a volume ratio of 5:1 to 1:5, preferably in a volume ratio of 4:1 to 1:4, more preferably in a volume ratio of 3:1 to 1:3, and very preferably in a volume ratio of 2:1 to 1:2.

Preferred examples are butyl acetate/xylene, methoxypropyl acetate/xylene 1:1, butyl acetate/solvent naphtha 100 1:1, butyl acetate/Solvesso® 100 1:2, and Kristalloel 30/Shellsol® A 3:1.

Preference is given to butyl acetate, 1-methoxyprop-2-yl acetate, methyl amyl ketone, xylene, and Solvesso® 100.

The additives with antiflocculant effect are preferably dispersed homogeneously, preferably using mixing devices.

The additives with antiflocculant defect can be added in a variety of ways—for example, as they are, in solvents and/or other additives, including, in particular, in other solvents, in which there should preferably be good solubility, such as, for example, dialkyldicarboxylic esters such as dioctyladipic ester and dinonyladipic ester, phosphoric acid trialkyl esters, phthalic esters and ring-hydrogenated phthalic esters, such as diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, for example, or in alcohols. Aromatic diesters are less preferred.

The additives with antiflocculant effect may be introduced, for example,

-   -   into the pure polyisocyanate,     -   into a saleable polyisocyanate in solvent,     -   in a polyisocyanate component, consisting, for example, of         polyisocyanate, solvent(s), and additives. A saleable         polyisocyanate component of this kind may be used with a         corresponding polyol component without further additions,         optionally after separate storage, by blending the two         components for coating.

Preference is given to additives which are present in liquid form or which can be incorporated by stirring with low and short-term shearing forces.

The additives with antiflocculant effect can be added to the polyisocyanate at elevated temperature directly after the distillation at from about 170° C. to the ambient temperature, in the case of solid additives preferably at a temperature above their melting point, or else in solid form, in which case the homogenization effort becomes higher.

In one specific form they are mixed batchwise, optionally in solvent, with the polyisocyanate in less than an hour at between room temperature and 70° C. in a stirred tank.

In another specific form they are added, optionally in solvent, continuously in a static mixer at between room temperature and 70° C. Temperatures below 35° C. are preferred, more particularly at room temperature.

Preliminary dissolution in solvent may be useful in particular in the case of solid additives with antiflocculant effect, with in some cases high melting points and poor solubilities in polyisocyanate and solvent.

Another form of use is the preparation of a stock solution, for example, in solvent, additive mixtures and/or polyisocyanate.

In the examples given below, the amounts in which the antiflocculants are added are typically significantly substoichiometric in relation to the total amount of water in the mixture.

In one preferred form it is advantageous, for the reasons given above and further reasons, to add to the polyisocyanate the minimum amount of additive necessary to adequately prevent flocculation for, for example, six months. Further reasons for specifying a minimally necessary amount are that many of the additives may have further functional effect in polyurethane systems. The additives could interact with Lewis acid catalysts or with basic additives such as UV stabilizers or amine catalysts and thereupon form highly soluble salts or prevent the action of additives. It is therefore advantageous to minimize the amount of additive, and to make a selective choice optionally in dependence on other additives.

The antiflocculant defect does not always increase with the amount of additive. The optimum amount must therefore be determined optionally in dependence on the polyisocyanate used and other components.

Frequently it is the case that the flocculation tendency goes up with increasing dilution by the solvent, particularly at solvent contents of more than 50%, more particularly at more than 60%.

The polyisocyanate component comprising an additive with antiflocculant effect may, optionally after storage, be reacted with at least one binder component and, optionally, with further components to form, for example, paints or adhesives.

The binders may be, for example, polyacrylate polyols, polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polyurethane polyols; polyurea polyols; polyester-polyacrylate polyols; polyester-polyurethane polyols; polyurethane-polyacrylate polyols, polyurethane-modified alkyd resins; fatty acid-modified polyester-polyurethane polyols, copolymers with allyl ethers, graft polymers of the stated groups of compound having, for example, different glass transition temperatures, and also mixtures of the stated binders. Preference is given to polyacrylate polyols, polyester polyols, and polyurethane polyols.

Preferred OH numbers, measured in accordance with DIN 53240-2 (potentiometrically), are 40-350 mg KOH/g resin solids for polyesters, preferably 80-180 mg KOH/g resin solids, and 15-250 mg KOH/g resin solids for polyacrylateols, preferably 80-160 mg KOH/g.

Additionally the binders may have an acid number in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3682 (potentiometrically) of up to 200 mg KOH/g, preferably up to 150 and more preferably up to 100 mg KOH/g.

Particularly preferred binders are polyacrylate polyols and polyesterols.

Polyacrylate polyols preferably have a molecular weight M_(n) of at least 500, more preferably at least 1200 g/mol. The molecular weight M_(n) may in principle have no upper limit, and may preferably be up to 50 000, more preferably up to 20 000 g/mol, and very preferably up to 10 000 g/mol, and more particularly up to 5000 g/mol.

The hydroxyl-functional monomers (see below) are used in the copolymerization in amounts such as to result in the aforementioned hydroxyl numbers for the polymers, which generally correspond to a hydroxyl group content in the polymers of 0.5% to 8%, preferably 1% to 5% by weight.

These are hydroxyl-containing copolymers of at least one hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylate with at least one further polymerizable comonomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters, vinylaromatics, α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, and other monomers.

(Meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters include, for example, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl (meth)acrylates; vinylaromatics are those having up to 20 C atoms; α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids also include their anhydrides; and other monomers are, for example, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids comprising up to 20 C atoms, ethylenically unsaturated nitriles, vinyl ethers of alcohols comprising 1 to 10 C atoms, and, less preferably, aliphatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 C atoms and 1 or 2 double bonds.

Preferred (meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters are those with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl radical, such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

In particular, mixtures of the (meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters are suitable as well.

Vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 1 to 20 C atoms are, for example, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl propionate and vinyl acetate.

Examples of possible α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their anhydrides include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid or maleic anhydride, preferably acrylic acid.

Hydroxy-functional monomers include monoesters of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid (identified for short in this specification as “(meth)acrylic acid”), with diols or polyols which have preferably 2 to 20 C atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate, 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-ethyl-1,4-butanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, 2,4-diethyloctane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane, 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanediol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, diglycerol, threitol, erythritol, adonitol (ribitol), arabitol (lyxitol), xylitol, dulcitol (galactitol), maltitol, isomalt, polyTHF with a molecular weight between 162 and 4500, preferably 250 to 2000, poly-1,3-propanediol or polypropylene glycol with a molecular weight between 134 and 2000, or polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight between 238 and 2000.

Preference is given to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- or 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 1,4-butanediol monoacrylate or 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, and particular preference to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and/or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Vinylaromatic compounds contemplated include, for example, vinyltoluene, α-butylstyrene, α-methylstyrene, 4-n-butylstyrene, 4-n-decylstyrene, and, preferably, styrene.

Examples of nitriles are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.

Suitable vinyl ethers are, for example, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, vinyl hexyl ether, and vinyl octyl ether.

Nonaromatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 C atoms and one or two olefinic double bonds include butadiene, isoprene, also ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene.

Additionally it is possible to use N-vinylformamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and N-vinylcaprolactam, and, additionally, ethylenically unsaturated acids, more particularly carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides or acid amides, and also vinylimidazole. Comonomers containing epoxide groups, such as glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate, or monomers such as N-methoxymethyl-acrylamide or -methacrylamide, can also be used as well in small amounts.

Preference is given to esters of acrylic acid and/or of methacrylic acid with 1 to 18, preferably 1 to 8, carbon atoms in the alcohol residue, such as, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-stearyl acrylate, the methacrylates corresponding to these acrylates, styrene, alkyl-substituted styrenes, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl acetate or vinyl stearate, and any desired mixtures of such monomers.

The hydroxyl-bearing monomers are used in the copolymerization of the hydroxyl-bearing (meth)acrylates in a mixture with other polymerizable monomers, preferably free-radically polymerizable monomers, preferably those composed to an extent of more than 50% by weight of C₁-C₂₀, preferably C₁ to C₄ alkyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, vinylaromatics having up to 20 C atoms, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids comprising up to 20 C atoms, vinyl halides, nonaromatic hydrocarbons having 4 to 8 C atoms and 1 or 2 double bonds, unsaturated nitriles, and mixtures thereof. Particular preference is given to the polymers composed, further to the hydroxyl-bearing monomers, to an extent of more than 60% by weight of C₁-C₁₀ alkyl (meth)acrylates, styrene and its derivatives, or mixtures thereof.

The polymers can be prepared by polymerization in accordance with customary processes. Preferably the polymers are prepared in an emulsion polymerization or in organic solution. Continuous or discontinuous polymerization processes are possible. The discontinuous processes include the batch process and the feed process, the latter being preferred. In the feed process, the solvent, alone or with part of the monomer mixture, is introduced as an initial charge and heated to the polymerization temperature, the polymerization, in the case of the inclusion of monomer in the initial charge, is initiated free-radically, and the remainder of the monomer mixture is metered in together with an initiator mixture in the course of 1 to 10 hours, preferably 3 to 6 hours. A subsequent option is to carry out reactivation, in order to take the polymerization to a conversion of at least 99%.

Solvents contemplated include, for example, aromatics, such as solvent naphtha, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylglycol acetate, ethylglycol acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, ethers such as butylglycol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylglycol ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, halogenated solvents such as methylene chloride or trichloromonofluoroethane.

Further binders are, for example, polyester polyols, as are obtainable by condensing polycarboxylic acids, especially dicarboxylic acids, with polyols, especially diols. In order to ensure a polyester polyol functionality that is appropriate for the polymerization, use is also made in part of triols, tetrols, etc, and also triacids etc.

Polyester polyols are known for example from Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 4th edition, volume 19, pp. 62 to 65. It is preferred to use polyester polyols which are obtained by reacting dihydric alcohols with dibasic carboxylic acids. In lieu of the free polycarboxylic acids it is also possible to use the corresponding polycarboxylic anhydrides or corresponding polycarboxylic esters of lower alcohols or mixtures thereof to prepare the polyester polyols. The polycarboxylic acids may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic and may optionally be substituted, by halogen atoms for example, and/or unsaturated. Examples thereof that may be mentioned include the following:

Oxalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, o-phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, azelaic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or tetrahydrophthalic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, endomethylenetetrahydrophthalic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, dimeric fatty acids, their isomers and hydrogenation products, and also esterifiable derivatives, such as anhydrides or dialkyl esters, C₁-C₄ alkyl esters for example, preferably methyl, ethyl or n-butyl esters, of the stated acids are employed. Preference is given to dicarboxylic acids of the general formula HOOC—(CH₂)—COOH, where y is a number from 1 to 20, preferably an even number from 2 to 20, and more preferably succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, and dodecanedicarboxylic acid.

Suitable polyhydric alcohols for preparing the polyesterols include 1,2-propanediol, ethylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 3-methylpentane-1,5-diol, 2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol, 2,4-diethyloctane-1,3-diol, 1,6-hexanediol, Poly-THF having a molar mass of between 162 and 4500, preferably 250 to 2000, poly-1,3-propanediol having a molar mass between 134 and 1178, poly-1,2-propanediol having a molar mass between 134 and 898, polyethylene glycol having a molar mass between 106 and 458, neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate, 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane, 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanediol, trimethylolbutane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, neopentyl glycol, pentaerythritol, glycerol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, diglycerol, threitol, erythritol, adonitol (ribitol), arabitol (lyxitol), xylitol, dulcitol (galactitol), maltitol or isomalt, which optionally may have been alkoxylated as described above.

Preferred alcohols are those of the general formula HO—(CH₂)_(x)—OH, where x is a number from 1 to 20, preferably an even number from 2 to 20. Preferred are ethylene glycol, butane-1,4-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, octane-1,8-diol and dodecane-1,12-diol. Additionally preferred is neopentyl glycol.

Also suitable, furthermore, are polycarbonate diols of the kind obtainable, for example, by reacting phosgene with an excess of the low molecular mass alcohols specified as synthesis components for the polyester polyols.

Also suitable are lactone-based polyester diols, which are homopolymers or copolymers of lactones, preferably hydroxy-terminated adducts of lactones with suitable difunctional starter molecules. Suitable lactones are preferably those which derive from compounds of the general formula HO—(CH₂)₂—COOH, where z is a number from 1 to 20 and where one H atom of a methylene unit may also have been substituted by a C₁ to C₄ alkyl radical. Examples are ε-caprolactone, β-propiolactone, gamma-butyrolactone and/or methyl-ε-caprolactone, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid or pivalolactone, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable starter components include the low molecular mass dihydric alcohols specified above as a synthesis component for the polyester polyols. The corresponding polymers of ε-caprolactone are particularly preferred. Lower polyester diols or polyether diols as well can be used as starters for preparing the lactone polymers. In lieu of the polymers of lactones it is also possible to use the corresponding, chemically equivalent polycondensates of the hydroxycarboxylic acids corresponding to the lactones.

In polyurethane coatings, molar masses M_(n) of the polyesters of 800-4000 g/mol are customary, although the polyesters used here are not restricted to this range.

Additionally suitable as binders are polyetherols, which are prepared by addition reaction of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide, preferably ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, and more preferably ethylene oxide, with H-active components. Polycondensates of butanediol are also suitable. In polyurethane coatings, polyether molar masses of 500-2000 g/mol are customary, although the polyethers used here are not restricted to this range.

The polymers may be replaced at least in part by what are called reactive diluents. These may be blocked secondary or primary amines (aldimines and ketimines) or compounds having sterically hindered and/or electron-deficient secondary amino groups, examples being aspartic esters as per EP 403921 or WO 2007/39133.

Additionally there may optionally be a urethanization catalyst present in the coating composition. This catalyst may be, for example, an amine or an organometallic compound.

Amine catalysts are, for example, trifunctional cycloaliphatic or aromatic amines with oxygen in the heterocycle. Examples thereof are N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpiperidine, pyrrolidine, quinuclidine or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, diazabicycloundecane.

Examples of organometallic compounds include tin(IV) and tin(II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g., tin(II) diacetate, tin(II) dioctoate, tin(II) bis(ethylhexanoate), and tin(II) dilaurate. It is also possible to use zinc(II) salts, such as zinc(II) dioctoate, dineooctanoate, diacetate, or oxalate, for example. Metal complexes are also possible, such as acetylacetonates of iron, of titanium, of aluminum, of zirconium, of manganese, of nickel, of zinc, and of cobalt. Other metal catalysts are described by Blank et al. in Progress in Organic Coatings, 1999, vol. 35, pages 19-29.

Dialkyltin(IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids are, for example, dimethyltin diacetate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dibutyrate, dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate, dioctyltin dilaurate, and dioctyltin diacetate. Preference is given to dibutyltin diacetate and dibutyltin dilaurate. For toxicological reasons, tin salts are less preferred, but are still frequently used in practice.

Other preferred Lewis-acidic organometallic compounds are zinc(II) dioctoate, zirconium acetylacetonate, and zirconium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate.

Bismuth and cobalt catalysts, cerium salts such as cerium octoates, and cesium salts can also be used as catalysts.

Bismuth catalysts are more particularly bismuth carboxylates, especially bismuth octoates, ethylhexanoates, neodecanoates or pivalates; examples are K-KAT 348 and XK-601 from King Industries, TIB KAT 716, 716LA, 716XLA, 718, 720, 789 from TIB Chemicals, and those from Shepherd Lausanne, and also catalyst mixtures of, for example, bismuth organyls and zinc organyls.

Cesium salts contemplated include those compounds in which the following anions are used: F⁻, Cl⁻, ClO⁻, ClO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, IO₃ ⁻, CN⁻, OCN⁻, NO₂ ⁻, NO₃ ⁻, HCO₃ ⁻, CO₃ ²⁻, S²⁻, SH⁻, HSO₃ ⁻, SO₃ ²⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, S₂O₄ ²⁻, S₂O₅ ²⁻, S₂O₆ ²⁻, S₂O₇ ²⁻, S₂O₈ ²⁻, H₂PO₂ ⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, P₂O₇ ⁴⁻, (OC_(n)H_(2n+1))⁻, (C_(n)H_(2n−1)O₂)⁻, (C_(n)H_(2n−3)O₂)⁻, and (C_(n+1)H_(2n−2)O₄)²⁻, where n stands for the numbers 1 to 20. Preference here is given to cesium carboxylates in which the anion conforms to the formulae (C_(n)H_(2n−1)O₂)⁻ and also (C_(n+1)H_(2n−2)O₄)²⁻ with n as 1 to 20. Particularly preferred cesium salts have monocarboxylate anions of the general formula (CH_(n)H_(2n−1)O₂)⁻, where n stands for the numbers 1 to 20. Particularly noteworthy in this context are formate, acetate, propionate, hexanoate, and 2-ethylhexanoate.

As further, typical coatings components and/or additives it is possible for example to make use of the following: stabilizers, UV stabilizers such as UV absorbers and suitable free-radical scavengers (more particularly HALS compounds—hindered amine light stabilizers), activators (accelerants), driers, extenders, pigments, dyes, antistatic agents, flame retardants, thickeners, thixotropic agents, surface-active agents, viscosity modifiers, plasticizers or chelating agents. Preference is given to UV stabilizers.

Stabilizers are at least one compound with stabilizing effect, “stabilizing” denoting the capacity to reduce the development of a color number and/or of the viscosity of the polyisocyanate in the course of storage over a certain time period relative to those corresponding mixtures which comprise no compounds with stabilizing effect.

Stabilization may relate either to the polyisocyanate alone or else to premixes of the polyisocyanates with further, typical coatings components and/or additives, optionally with addition of other components. This includes, in one particular embodiment, the storage of one of these compounds prior to actual application of the coating material.

These compounds with stabilizing effect are preferably selected from the group consisting of primary antioxidants (free-radical scavengers), secondary antioxidants (compounds which prevent radicals being formed, more particularly by scavenging and/or decomposing peroxides), and acidic stabilizers (Brønsted acids).

The primary antioxidants are preferably sterically hindered phenols. Such sterically hindered phenols are described for example in WO 2008/116894, preferably the compounds described therein from page 14, line 10 to page 16, line 10, hereby incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure content.

The phenols in question are preferably those which have exactly one phenolic hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring, and more preferably those which have any desired substituent, preferably an alkyl group, in the ortho-positions, very preferably in ortho- and para-position to the phenolic hydroxyl group, more particularly alkyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionates, or substituted alkyl derivatives of such compounds.

In conjunction with additives of the invention they are part of the invention, preferably 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); isooctyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (e.g., Irganox® 1135), octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (e.g. Irganox® 1076).

Such phenols may also be constituents of a polyphenolic system with a plurality of phenol groups: pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) (e.g., Irganox® 1010); ethylene bis(oxyethylene)bis(3-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-m-tolyl)propionate) (e.g., Irganox 245); 3,3′,3″,5,5′,5″-hexa-tert-butyl-α,α′,α″-(mesitylene-2,4,6-triyl)tri-p-cresol (e.g., Irganox® 1330); 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (e.g., Irganox® 3114), in each case products of Ciba Spezialititenchemie, now BASF SE.

The secondary antioxidants are preferably selected from the group consisting of phosphonites, phosphonates, and thioethers, preferably from phosphonites or phosphonates.

Preferred phosphonites are described in WO 2008/116894, particularly from page 11, line 8 to page 14, line 8, therein, hereby made part of the present disclosure content by reference.

Preferred phosphonates are described in WO 2008/116895, particularly from page 10, line 38 to page 12, line 41, therein, hereby made part of the present disclosure content by reference.

Preferred thioethers are described in WO 2008/116893, particularly from page 11, line 1 to 35 page 15, line 37, therein, hereby made part of the present disclosure content by reference.

The acidic stabilizers are Brønsted acids, as described in WO 2008/116894, particularly from page 17, line 34 to page 18, line 23, therein, hereby made part of the present disclosure content by reference.

Suitable UV absorbers comprise oxanilides, triazines and benzotriazoles (the latter available, for example, as Tinuvin® products from BASF SE) and benzophenones (e.g., Chimassorb® 81 from BASF SE). Preference is given, for example, to 95% benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, C7-9-branched and linear alkyl esters; 5% 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate (e.g., Tinuvin® 384) and α-[3-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropyl]-w-hydroxypoly(oxo-1,2-ethanediyl) (e.g., Tinuvin® 1130), in each case products, for example, of BASF SE. DL-alpha-Tocopherol, tocopherol, cinnamic acid derivatives, and cyanoacrylates can likewise be used for this purpose.

These can be employed alone or together with suitable free-radical scavengers, examples being sterically hindered amines (often also identified as HALS or HAS compounds; hindered amine (light) stabilizers) such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpiperidine or derivatives thereof, e.g., bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate. They are obtainable, for example, as Tinuvin® products and Chimassorb® products from BASF SE. Preference in joint use with Lewis acids, however, is given to those hindered amines which are N-alkylated, examples being bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl) [[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]methyl]butylmalonate (e.g., Tinuvin® 144 from BASF SE); a mixture of bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate and methyl(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (e.g., Tinuvin® 292 from BASF SE); or which are N—(O-alkylated), such as, for example, decanedioic acid bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(octyloxy)-4-piperidinyl) ester, reaction products with 1,1-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide and octane (e.g., Tinuvin® 123 from BASF SE) and especially with the HALS triazine 2,4-bis[N-butyl-N-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-6-(2-hydroxyethyl-amine)-1,3,5-triazine (e.g., Tinuvin® 152 from BASF SE). Additives insensitive to acid, such as Tinuvin® 152, are advantageous here.

UV stabilizers are used typically in amounts of 0.1% to 5.0% by weight, based on the solid components present in the preparation.

Suitable thickeners include, in addition to free-radically (co)polymerized (co)polymers, typical organic and inorganic thickeners such as hydroxymethylcellulose or bentonite.

Chelating agents which can be used include, for example, ethylenediamineacetic acid and salts thereof and also β-diketones.

Pigments in the true sense are, according to CD Römpp Chemie Lexikon—Version 1.0, Stuttgart/New York: Georg Thieme Verlag 1995, with reference to DIN 55943, particulate “colorants that are organic or inorganic, chromatic or achromatic and are virtually insoluble in the application medium”.

Virtually insoluble here means a solubility at 25° C. below 1 g/1000 g application medium, preferably below 0.5, more preferably below 0.25, very particularly preferably below 0.1, and in particular below 0.05 g/1000 g application medium.

Examples of pigments in the true sense comprise any desired systems of absorption pigments and/or effect pigments, preferably absorption pigments. There are no restrictions whatsoever on the number and selection of the pigment components. They may be adapted as desired to the particular requirements, such as the desired perceived color, for example, as described in step a), for example. It is possible for example for the basis to be all the pigment components of a standardized mixer system.

Effect pigments are all pigments which exhibit a platelet-shaped construction and give a surface coating specific decorative color effects. The effect pigments are, for example, all of the pigments which impart effect and can be used typically in vehicle finishing and industrial coatings. Examples of such effect pigments are pure metallic pigments, such as aluminum, iron or copper pigments; interference pigments, such as titanium dioxide-coated mica, iron oxide-coated mica, mixed oxide-coated mica (e.g., with titanium dioxide and Fe₂O₃ or titanium dioxide and Cr₂O₃), metal oxide-coated aluminum; or liquid-crystal pigments, for example.

The coloring absorption pigments are, for example, typical organic or inorganic absorption pigments that can be used in the coatings industry. Examples of organic absorption pigments are azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, quinacridone pigments, and pyrrolopyrrole pigments. Examples of inorganic absorption pigments are iron oxide pigments, titanium dioxide, and carbon black.

Dyes are likewise colorants, and differ from the pigments in their solubility in the application medium; i.e., they have a solubility at 25° C. of more than 1 g/1000 g in the application medium.

Examples of dyes are azo, azine, anthraquinone, acridine, cyanine, oxazine, polymethine, thiazine, and triarylmethane dyes. These dyes may find application as basic or cationic dyes, mordant dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, development dyes, vat dyes, metal complex dyes, reactive dyes, acid dyes, sulfur dyes, coupling dyes or substantive dyes.

Coloristically inert fillers are all substances/compounds which on the one hand are coloristically inactive, i.e., exhibit a low intrinsic absorption and have a refractive index similar to that of the coating medium, and which on the other hand are capable of influencing the orientation (parallel alignment) of the effect pigments in the surface coating, i.e., in the applied coating film, and also properties of the coating or of the coating compositions, such as hardness or rheology, for example. Inert substances/compounds which can be used are given by way of example below, but without restricting the concept of coloristically inert, topology-influencing fillers to these examples. Suitable inert fillers meeting the definition may be, for example, transparent or semitransparent fillers or pigments, such as silica gels, blanc fixe, kieselguhr, talc, calcium carbonates, kaolin, barium sulfate, magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate, crystalline silicon dioxide, amorphous silica, aluminum oxide, microspheres or hollow microspheres made, for example, of glass, ceramic or polymers, with sizes of 0.1-50 μm, for example. Additionally as inert fillers it is possible to employ any desired solid inert organic particles, such as urea-formaldehyde condensates, micronized polyolefin wax and micronized amide wax, for example. The inert fillers can in each case also be used in a mixture. It is preferred, however, to use only one filler in each case.

Preferred fillers comprise silicates, examples being silicates obtainable by hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride, such as Aerosil® from Degussa, siliceous earth, talc, aluminum silicates, magnesium silicates, calcium carbonates, etc.

After mixing of the polyisocyanate component with a binder component and optionally further components, the coating mixture is cured at from ambient temperature to 150° C.

“Curing” in the context of the present invention means the generation of a tack-free coating on a substrate by the heating of the coating composition applied to the substrate at the temperature indicated above for at least long enough for the desired tack-free state to be established.

In one preferred form, in the context of the present specification, a coating composition means a mixture of at least two components (binder and crosslinker) which is intended for the coating of at least one substrate for the purpose of forming a film and, after curing, a tack-free coating.

The substrates are coated by typical methods known to the skilled person, with at least one coating composition being applied in the desired thickness to the substrate to be coated, and any volatile constituents of the coating composition being removed, optionally with heating. This operation may if desired be repeated one or more times. Application to the substrate may take place in a known way, as for example by spraying, troweling, knifecoating, brushing, rolling, rollercoating, flowcoating, laminating, injection backmolding or coextruding.

The thickness of a film of this kind for curing may be from 0.1 μm up to several mm, preferably from 1 to 2000 μm, more preferably 5 to 200 μm, very preferably from 5 to 60 μm (based on the coating material in the state in which the solvent has been removed from the coating material).

Additionally provided by the present invention are substrates coated with a multicoat paint system of the invention.

Polyurethane coating materials of this kind are especially suitable for applications requiring particularly high application reliability, exterior weathering resistance, optical qualities, solvent resistance, chemical resistance, and water resistance.

The two-component coating compositions and coating formulations obtained are suitable for coating substrates such as wood, wood veneer, paper, cardboard, paperboard, textile, film, leather, nonwoven, plastics surfaces, glass, ceramic, mineral building materials, such as molded cement blocks and fiber-cement slabs, or metals, which in each case may optionally have been precoated or pretreated.

Coating compositions of this kind are suitable as or in interior or exterior coatings, i.e., in those applications where there is exposure to daylight, preferably of parts of buildings, coatings on (large) vehicles and aircraft, and industrial applications, utility vehicles in agriculture and construction, decorative coatings, bridges, buildings, power masts, tanks, containers, pipelines, power stations, chemical plants, ships, cranes, posts, sheet piling, valves, pipes, fittings, flanges, couplings, halls, roofs, and structural steel, furniture, windows, doors, woodblock flooring, can coating and coil coating, for floor coverings, such as in parking levels or in hospitals, in automotive finishes, as OEM and refinish.

In one preferred form, coating compositions of this kind are used at temperatures between ambient temperature to 80° C., preferably to 60° C., more preferably to 40° C. The articles in question are preferably those which cannot be cured at high temperatures, such as large machines, aircraft, large-capacity vehicles, and refinish applications. Ambient temperature is taken customarily to be the temperature at which the coated substrate is used in the manner intended.

In another preferred application, the coating mixture is cured at 110-150° C., preferably at 120-140° C. (e.g., for OEM applications).

In particular the coating compositions of the invention are used as clearcoat, basecoat, and topcoat material(s), primers, and surfacers.

Long storage of the polyisocyanate component is customary especially with refinish applications and in some cases with industrial applications as well. The polyisocyanate admixed with additives with antiflocculant effect, or the polyisocyanate component, can of course also be used for any other application.

EXAMPLES Ingredients: Salt (A):

Nacure® 4167: amine-neutralized phosphate from King Industries/Worlée) in 30-40% propan-2-ol, 20-30% 2-methylpropan-1-ol. 30-40% reaction product of phosphoric acid, mono- or di(C6-C10)alkyl esters and an alkylamine. 25% “active” component in relation to catalysis of melamine resins (phosphoric esters).

200 ppm by weight of Nacure® 4167 correspond to 50 ppm by weight of phosphoric ester A. If this is calculated for simplification as dioctyl phosphate, the stoichiometrically 50 ppm by weight diethylhexyl phosphate and 48 ppm by weight dioctyl phosphonate corresponds to Irgafos® OPH.

200 ppm by weight of Nacure) 4167/polyisocyanate correspond, in the case of a 50% strength solution of polyisocyanate in solvent, to 3 ppm by weight of water/solvent. On even greater dilution down to 30% polyisocyanate in solvent, this corresponds to even smaller amounts of water. The salts (A) therefore have no effect as a stoichiometric water scavenger at water contents of 400 to 800 ppm by weight of water/solvent. The mechanism of action is different from that of conventional water scavengers.

Polyisocyanates:

Polyisocyanate 1, polyisocyanurate:

Hexamethylene diisocyanate HDI was reacted in the presence of 70 ppm by weight of benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxyisobutyrate as catalyst, based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, at 60% strength in ethylene glycol in a three-reactor cascade at 110, 120 and 130° C. Hexamethylene diisocyanate was distilled off in a multistage process. NCO content of the product: 22.2%, viscosity: 2900 mPa*s.

Polyisocyanate 2: Basonat® HI 100; polyisocyanurate from BASF SE. NCO content of product: 22.0%, viscosity: 2900 mPa*s.

Other Additives

The compounds used in the tables hereinafter are abbreviated as follows:

-   I. 1010: Irganox® 1010 (BASF SE); pentaerythritol     tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); primary     antioxidant -   I. 1076: Irganox® 1076 (BASF SE);     octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate; primary     antioxidant -   I. 1135: Irganox® 1135 (BASF SE); benzenepropanoic acid,     3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-4-hydroxy-C7-C9 branched alkyl ester;     primary antioxidant -   I. OPH: Irgafos® OPH (BASF SE); di-n-octyl phosphonate; secondary     antioxidant (used here accordingly. Corresponds formally also to     compound type A2) -   TBP: tributyl phosphite; secondary antioxidant -   Tppt: triphenyl phosphite; secondary antioxidant -   DEHP: di(ethylhexyl) phosphate; acid

Test Method:

For determining the flocculation stability, mixtures consisting of polyisocyanate and solvent mixtures, containing 400-800 ppm by weight of water to solvent mixture, were prepared. Water is added in order to bring about faster flocculation than with the amounts of water present in commercial solvents. Firstly, this simulates solvents of poor quality (with lots of moisture); secondly, it is an accelerated test. The higher the water concentration, the quicker, normally, the flocculation. The water content was determined by means of Karl-Fischer titration. Additives were incorporated via the solvents. 50 g of the mixture was rendered inert by the passage of nitrogen over it in 50 mL screw lid vessels without writing on the side, which were then firmly closed and stored at 23° C.±5° C./(50%±10% atmospheric humidity). The flocculation was assessed by inspection daily on weekdays in the first two weeks, after three weeks, and, from four weeks onward, at two-week intervals. The greater the number of days obtained, the better.

To assess the flocculation stability, a report is made of the first day on which one of the two following flocculation stages is achieved (or the day of the end of the test):

-   -   Slight flocculation: weakly apparent     -   Severe flocculation, readily apparent, sedimentation,         discontinuation of the study

For better recognition of turbidity, apparently clear solutions are briefly slightly horizontally rotated in a circle. In some cases slight flocculation is then evident better than as a tail.

The amounts of the additives are in ppm by weight, based on polyisocyanate.

Test Method 1:

Test method 1 takes place with 30% polyisocyanate in 70% xylene/butyl acetate=2:1, with addition of 400 ppm by weight of water/solvent.

Test Method 2:

Test method 2 takes place with 40% polyisocyanate in butyl acetate with addition of 800 ppm by weight of water/solvent.

Test Method 3:

Test method 3 takes place with 40% polyisocyanate in xylene/butyl acetate=3:1, with addition of 600 ppm by weight of water/solvent.

Storage Examples

The examples which follow are intended to illustrate the invention, but not to confine it to these examples.

The experimental series show that in the inventive examples, longer storage times without flocculation or with lower flocculation are obtained than with the reference examples without additives and with noninventive additives.

It is shown by way of example, moreover, that this effect in different typical coatings solvent mixtures, albeit to different extents.

TABLE 1 Polyisocyanate 1 with addition of salt (A) and further additives (antioxidants) in test method 1. Storage for 168 days (d) with discontinuation after flocculation of all specimens Stabilizers (ppm) Primary Secondary Flocculation (d) Salt (A) antioxidant antioxidant Slight Severe Total R1 200 I. 1010 200 Tppt 21 21 42 B1 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1010 200 Tppt 21 168 189 R2 200 I. 1010 200 I. OPH 42 42 84 B2 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1010 200 I. OPH 14 126 140 R3 200 I. 1076 200 I. OPH 28 28 56 B3 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1076 200 I. OPH 42 126 168 R4 200 I. 1076 200 Tppt 12 21 33 B4 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1076 200 Tppt 5 126 131 R5 200 I. 1135 200 Tppt 6 28 34 B5 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1135 200 Tppt 42 126 168 R6 200 I. 1135 200 TBP 28 28 56 B6 300 Nacure 4167 200 I. 1135 200 TBP 7 154 161

The examples with salt (A) are better than those without.

TABLE 2 Polyisocyanate 2 with addition of a salt (A) and further additives (antioxidants) in test method 1. Storage for 210 days (discontinuation of the studies) Stabilizers (ppm) Primary Secondary Flocculation (d) Salt (A) antioxidant antioxidant Slight Severe Total R7 200 I. 1010 200 Tppt 28 42 70 B7 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1010 200 Tppt 9 210 219 B8 300 N. 4167 200 I. 1010 200 Tppt 12 210 222 R8 200 I. 1076 200 Tppt 12 42 54 B9 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1076 200 Tppt 9 210 219 B10 300 N. 4167 200 I. 1076 200 Tppt 9 168 177 R9 200 I. 1135 200 Tppt 8 21 27 B11 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 200 Tppt 10 210 220 B12 300 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 200 Tppt 10 168 178 R10 200 I. 1135 200 TBP 21 21 42 B13 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 200 TBP 13 210 223 B14 300 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 200 TBP 21 210 231

The examples with salt (A) are better in flocculation than those without.

TABLE 3 Polyisocyanate 2 with addition of a salt (A) and further additives (antioxidants) in test method 1. Storage for 154 days. In this case an additive of type a4b) of WO 2013/060809 is supplemented or replaced by the salt (A) Stabilizers (ppm/PIC) Salt (A) & additive a) of Primary Flocculation (d) WO 2013/060809 antioxidant Slight Severe Total R11 7 28 35 R12 200 I. OPH 7 28 35 B15 200 N. 4167 2 154 156 B16 200 N. 4167 + 200 I. OPH 7 154 161 R13 200 I. OPH 200 I. 1135 7 28 35 B17 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 3 154 157 B18 760 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 2 154 156 B19 200 N. 4167 + 200 I. OPH 200 I. 1135 2 154 156

The examples with salt (A) are better in flocculation than those without.

Irgafos OPH (as well as its function as a secondary antioxidant) corresponds to an additive of the type of acidic phosphorus derivatives a4b) of WO 2013/060809 for improving flocculation.

By adding an ammonium phosphate or by replacing one of the additives of type a) of WO 2013/060809 by salt (A), the flocculation is improved further.

Nacure 4167 here is used at only 25% based on the active substance (phosphates), and in stoichiometric terms is therefore used even in a smaller amount than Irgafos OPH.

TABLE 4 Polyisocyanate 1 with addition of a salt (A) in test method 1. In this case an additive of types a4b) and a4a) of WO 2013/060809 is supplemented or replaced by a salt (A). Storage for 154 days Stabilizers (ppm/PIC) Salt (A) & additive a) of Primary Flocculation (d) WO 2013/060809 antioxidant Slight Severe Total R14 4 7 11 R15 200 I. OPH 4 42 46 B20 200 N. 4167 2 154 156 B21 200 N. 4167 + 200 I. OPH 2 154 156 R16 50 DEHP 200 I. 1135 2 28 30 B22 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 2 126 128

By replacing one of the additives of type a4b) of WO 2013/060809 by salt (A) the flocculation is further improved.

TABLE 5 Polyisocyanate 2 with addition of a salt (A) and a further additive (antioxidant) in test method 2 (40% in butyl acetate, 800 ppm by weight water). In this case an additive of type a4b) of WO 2013/060809 is replaced by the salt (A). Storage lasted for 112 days. Stabilizers (ppm/PIC) Salt (A) & additive a) of Primary Flocculation (d) WO 2013/060809 antioxidant Slight Severe Total R17 200 I. 1135 4 11 15 R18 600 I. OPH 200 I. 1135 6 21 27 B23 2400 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 12 112 124

By replacing one of the additives of type a4b) of WO 2013/060809 by salt A the flocculation is further improved.

TABLE 6 Polyisocyanate 3 with addition of a salt (A) and a further additive (antioxidant) in test method 2 (40% in solvent xylene/butyl acetate = 3:1, 600 ppm by weight water). In this case an additive of type a4b) of WO 2013/060809 is replaced by the salt (A). Storage lasted for 154 days. Stabilizers (ppm/PIC) Salt (A) & additive a) of Primary Flocculation (d) WO 2013/060809 antioxidant Slight Severe Total R19 200 I. OPH 200 I. 1135 4 21 25 B24 200 I. OPH + 200 N. 4167 200 I. 1135 5 154 159

The addition of salt (A) further improves the flocculation.

In performance trials no disadvantages were found of coating materials, as for example of polyisocyanate/polyacrylate or polyisocyanate/polyacrylate/polyester, in terms, for example, of drying, development of pendulum hardness, scratch resistance, etch resistances, cross-cut, Erichsen cupping, or weathering. 

1: A method for reducing flocculation and/or precipitation in a polyisocyanate mixture comprising at least one solvent, the method comprising: adding at least one additive into the polyisocyanate mixture, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of (A1) at least one phosphorus-containing acidic compound selected from the group consisting of (A1a) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphate, (A1b) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonate, (A1c) a mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinate, and (A1d) an alkyl derivative of another phosphorus-containing diacid, and (A2) at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine. 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is (cyclo)aliphatic. 3: The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate is at least one polyisocyanate made from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate, pentamethylene 1,5-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 4,4′-di(isocyanato¬cyclo¬hexyl)-methane and 2,4′-di(isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane. 4: The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate has isocyanurate, iminooxadiazinedione, biuret or allophanate optionally with urethane structures. 5: The method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is the at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine (A2), which is a trialkylamine. 6: The method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is the at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine (A2), which has a first corresponding acid having a pKa of between 5 and 14 at 25° C. in an aqueous solution. 7: The method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is used in a concentration of 10 300 ppm by weight, based on the polyisocyanate. 8: The method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises water and the additive is used substoichiometrically in relation to the amount of water present in the solvent mixture. 9: The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate admixed with additive further comprises at least one phenol or bridged bisphenol which has exactly one phenolic hydroxyl group on each aromatic ring and has alkyl groups in the ortho positions to the phenolic hydroxyl group. 10: The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate admixed with additive further comprise at least one Lewis acid. 11: A method for stabilizing a polyisocyanate or a polyisocyanate mixture in solvent against flocculation during storage, the method comprising: mixing the polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate mixture with at least one additive selected from the group consisting of (A1) at least one phosphorus-containing acidic compound selected from the group consisting of (A1a) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphate, (A1b) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonate, (A1c) a mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinate, and (A1d) an alkyl derivate of another phosphorus-containing diacid, and (A2) at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine, thereby obtaining mixture (I). 12: The method according to claim 11, wherein the mixture (I) further comprises Lewis acids as catalysts and/or antioxidants and/or other customary coatings additives. 13: A method for coating a substrate with a polyisocyanate or a polyisocyanate mixture stabilized against flocculation during storage in solvents, the method comprising: mixing the polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate mixture with at least one additive selected from the group consisting of (A1) at least one phosphorus-containing acidic compound selected from the group consisting of (A1a) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphate, (A1b) a mono- and/or di-C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl phosphonate, (A1c) A mono-C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl phosphinate, and (A1d) an alkyl derivate of another phosphorus-containing diacid, and (A2) at least one open-chain trisubstituted amine, thereby obtaining mixture (I); mixing the mixture (I) with a solvent and optionally other additives, thereby obtaining mixture (II); storing the mixture (II); subsequently mixing the mixture (II) with at least one binder-comprising component, thereby obtaining mixture (III); and subsequently applying the mixture (III) to the substrate. 14: The method according to claim 13, wherein the binder-comprising component is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate polyol, a polyester polyol, a polyurethane polyol, a polycarbonate polyol and a polyether polyol.
 15. (canceled) 